09 Jun Understanding the Difference Between a Heart Attack and Cardiac Arrest
When it comes to heart-related emergencies, the terms heart attack and cardiac arrest are often used interchangeably — but they are not the same thing. Knowing the difference could save a life.
Let’s break it down in simple terms.
What Is a Heart Attack?
A heart attack, medically known as myocardial infarction, occurs when blood flow to a part of the heart muscle is blocked. This blockage is usually due to a buildup of fat, cholesterol, or plaque in the coronary arteries.
Causes:
- Coronary artery disease (CAD)
- Plaque rupture and blood clot formation
- Spasm of a coronary artery
Symptoms:
- Chest pain or pressure (often described as “crushing” or “tightening”)
- Pain in the arm, neck, jaw, or back
- Shortness of breath
- Sweating, nausea, or dizziness
- Symptoms may come on suddenly or build over time
Important: A person having a heart attack is usually conscious and breathing, but needs immediate medical attention to prevent further damage to the heart muscle.
What Is Cardiac Arrest?
A cardiac arrest is when the heart suddenly stops beating effectively. This stops blood flow to the brain, lungs, and other organs. It can occur without warning and is a life-threatening emergency.
Causes:
- Electrical disturbance in the heart (like ventricular fibrillation)
- Heart attack (yes, a heart attack can lead to cardiac arrest)
- Cardiomyopathy (enlarged heart)
- Severe arrhythmia
- Drug overdose or trauma
Symptoms:
- Sudden collapse
- No pulse
- No breathing
- Loss of consciousness
Important: A person in cardiac arrest will be unresponsive and not breathing. Immediate CPR and use of a defibrillator (AED) is critical to increase survival chances.
Key Differences at a Glance
| Feature | Heart Attack | Cardiac Arrest |
|---|---|---|
| Cause | Blocked blood flow to heart muscle | Electrical malfunction in the heart |
| Consciousness | Often conscious | Unconscious |
| Heartbeat | Still beating | Stops beating or becomes erratic |
| Breathing | Usually normal or shallow | Not breathing |
| Emergency Action | Get medical help immediately | Start CPR and use AED immediately |
How Are They Connected?
A heart attack can trigger cardiac arrest, but not all cardiac arrests are caused by heart attacks. Other issues, like electrolyte imbalances, heart failure, or trauma, can also cause cardiac arrest.
What You Can Do in an Emergency
If you suspect someone is having a heart attack:
- Call emergency services (e.g., 108 in India)
- Help them stay calm and seated
- Offer aspirin (if not allergic and advised by a doctor)
- Monitor breathing and prepare for CPR if needed
If someone collapses and is unresponsive and not breathing:
- Call for help immediately
- Start CPR (push hard and fast in the center of the chest)
- Use an AED if available
Takeaway
Understanding the difference between a heart attack and cardiac arrest can help you respond quickly and effectively in a crisis. Both are medical emergencies — but the treatment approach is different.
Stay informed, stay prepared, and don’t delay medical care.
Your quick response could save a life.
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